"There is no particular overcurrent protection mentioned in the datasheet for the MAX14829 5V and 3.3V linear regulator."
Both the 3.3V and 5V linear regulators feature internal current limiting circuitry. While the short circuit current is guaranteed to be higher than the specified 40mA load current, the margin for the actual short circuit current is large and may be as high as 100mA. There is no typical or maximum guaranteed value.