If VDDA of MAX14930FASE+ is unpowered, what is the status of VOUTB when VINA is logic high and VDDB is powered? Will it damage the component if the part is placed under this condition for a long period of time?

ENB has an internal pullup to VDDB. Therefore, ENB will be pulled high when VDDB is powered. VDDA is in undervoltage condition when it's unpowered. Referring to table 1 from the datasheet (Rev 8.1), VOUTB of MAX14930FASE+ will be at default output status (logic low) when ENA is high, and high impedance when ENA is low. The device will not be damaged under this condition.

Please note that the default status of the device varies from part number to part number. Refer to the datasheet for the default status for your variant of the device.